IMPORTANT INSTRUCTION FOR AUTHORS PRIOR TO SUBMISSION

Authors are strongly encouraged to read all the "Instructions for Authors" before submitting the manuscript to the journal. If a manuscript is not adequately prepared as per guidelines, it will be returned/sent back to authors for Technical Modifications before being sent for Editorial Review.

The manuscript should be structured with Covering Letter, Title Page, Contributors Details, Main Manuscript, Images, and Tables as per instructions templates.

Editorial Staff/Journal Editors will not be involved in processing of their own academic work. The Editorial staff/editor's written submission will be assigned to at least two independent external reviewers for review. Decisions will be made by other editorial board members who have no conflict of interest with author.

TIME TAKEN FOR PROCESSING OF MANUSCRIPT

1. Submission of Manuscript via Given Link Here
2. The journal aims to process manuscripts efficiently. Actual timelines may vary depending on editorial assessment, reviewer availability, revisions and production requirements.

ANTI PLAGIARISM POLICY

Plagiarism includes the duplicate publication of the author's own work, in whole or in part without proper citation or misrepresenting other's ideas, words, and other creative expressions as one's own.

The Journal follows strict anti-plagiarism policy. All manuscripts submitted to Era’s Journal of Medical Research will undergo plagiarism check with commercially available software.

Based on the extent of plagiarism, authors may be asked to address any minor duplication or similarity with the previously published work.

If plagiarism is detected after publication, the Journal will investigate. If plagiarism is established, the journal will notify the authors' institution and funding bodies and will retract the plagiarised article.

To report plagiarism, contact the journal office: ejmreditor1@gmail.com

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY

Era’s Journal of Medical Research favors registration of clinical trials and is a signatory to the Statement on publishing clinical trials in Indian biomedical journals.

Era’s Journal of Medical Research would publish clinical trials that have been registered with a clinical trial registry that allows free online access to public.

Clinical trials must be prospectively registered in a WHO ICTRP primary registry or another registry that meets accepted international standards.

The trial registration number and registry name must be provided at submission and included in the published article, preferably at the end of the abstract.

Authors must submit their ORCiD ID while submission.

This applies to clinical trials that have begun enrollment of subjects in or after June 2008.

Clinical trials that have commenced enrollment of subjects prior to June 2008 would be considered for publication in Era’s Journal of Medical Research only if they have been registered retrospectively with clinical trial registry that allows unhindered online access to public without charging any fees.

Clinical trials must be prospectively registered in a WHO ICTRP primary registry or another registry that meets accepted international standards. The trial registration number and registry name must be provided at submission and included in the published article, preferably at the end of the abstract.

AUTHORSHIP CRITERIA

Authorship credit should be based only on substantial contributions to each of the three components mentioned below:

1. Concept and design of study or acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data;
2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and
3. Final approval of the version to be published.

Participation solely in the acquisition of funding or the collection of data does not justify authorship. General supervision of the research group is not sufficient for authorship.

Each contributor should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content of the manuscript.

The order of naming the contributors should be based on the relative contribution of the contributor towards the study and writing the manuscript.

Once submitted, the order cannot be changed without written consent of all the contributors.

The journal prescribes a maximum number of authors for manuscripts depending upon the type of manuscript, its scope and number of institutions involved (vide infra). The authors should provide a justification, if the number of authors exceeds these limits.

CONTRIBUTION DETAILS

Contributors should provide a description of contributions made by each of them towards the manuscript. Description should be divided in the following categories suggested under standardized CRediT taxonomy approach where possible:

• Conceptualization
• Methodology
• Investigation
• Data curation
• Formal analysis
• Writing – original draft
• Writing – review & editing
• Supervision
• Project administration
• Funding acquisition

The corresponding author should take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole from inception to published article and should be designated as 'guarantor'.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST / COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors of articles must disclose any and all financial or non-financial conflicts of interest (Financial, Affiliations, Intellectual Property, Personal, Ideology, Academic, etc.) they may have with publication of the manuscript or an institution or product that is mentioned in the manuscript and/or is important to the outcome of the study presented.

Authors should also disclose all conflict of interest with products that compete with those mentioned in their manuscript.

REFERENCES

Bibliography should list references in order of their appearance in the text (not alphabetically) and should follow PubMed Central guidelines along with Vancouver Style.

References should follow the standards summarized in the NLM's Sample References webpage ( NLM Sample References ) and detailed in the NLM's Citing Medicine, 2nd edition ( Citing Medicine ).

Place the number of the references at the end of the sentence as superscript to which the reference is related. Use commas to separate multiple reference numbers.

Where available, references should include the DOI in its persistent URL format ( https://doi.org/xxxxx ). Authors should verify that cited articles have not been retracted, unless the retraction itself is the subject of discussion.

Example: "Bond strength of composite resin to dentin is influenced by the presence of a smear layer."^4,5,8-15

If more than one reference is contained in a sentence, then number the reference immediately following the text that refers to the reference.

Example: "Bailey² found that 46% showed signs of metastasis while Varner³ found only 28%."

Sample Examples of References

Journal

1. Le Huec JC, Jouve JL, Szpalski M. Surgical techniques in pediatric spine surgery. Eur Spine J. 2014 May 9. [Epub ahead of print].
2. Kanter AS, Morr S. Response. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014 Apr;20(4):473.
3. Miladi L, Mousny M. A novel technique for treatment of progressive scoliosis in young children using a 3-hook and 2-screw construct (H3S2) on a single sub-muscular growing rod: surgical technique. Eur Spine J. 2014 May 9. [Epub ahead of print].
4. Lee KY. Comparison of pyogenic spondylitis and tuberculous spondylitis. Asian Spine J. 2014 Apr;8(2):216-223.

Abstract

AL-Harbi SA, Farsi N. Microleakage of Ormocer-based restorative material in primary teeth: an in vivo study [abstract]. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2007;32(1):13-18.

Authored Book

Keith H Bridwell, Ronald L DeWald. The textbook of spinal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2011. 2112 p.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Suken A Shah, Harvey Smith. Operative treatment of neuromuscular spinal deformity. In: Thomas JE, Baron SL, Andrew WM, editors. Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009. p. 157-166.

Article in an Edited Book with Volume

Mayer M. Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery: A surgical manual. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005;2:496 p.

Ali A Baaj, Praveen V Mummaneni. Handbook of Spine Surgery. 2011. 480 p. Available at: Google Books

Online Reference

Prasanthi LK. A study to determine the effectiveness of snake and ladder game on common ailments' among primary school children of a selected school, Bengaluru 2008.

Monograph

Lawrence, Ruth A. A review of the medical benefits and contraindications to breastfeeding in the United States [Internet]. Arlington (VA): National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 1997 Oct [cited 2000 Apr 24]. p. 40. Available from: http://www.ncemch.org/pubs/PDFs/breastfeedingTIB.pdf

Preprints

When preprints are cited in submitted manuscripts, the citation should clearly indicate that the reference is a preprint. You should include the word "preprint" following the citation information in the reference list and indicate that the cited material is a preprint in the text.

The citation should include the link to the preprint and DOI if the preprint archive issues DOIs.

Reference List Format

The reference list at the end of the manuscript must be numbered in the order of appearance and should be cited as follows:

1. Names and initials of up to six authors. When there are seven or more, list the first three and add et al.
2. Year of publication.
3. Full title of paper followed by a full stop (.).
4. Title of journal in the standard MEDLINE/indexing abbreviation (in italics).
5. Volume number followed by a comma (,).
6. First page in full and the last digit of the last pages (last two digits in case where the second digit is different).

References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text (not in alphabetic order).

PREPRINT POLICY

Posting a manuscript on a recognized non-commercial preprint server does not constitute prior publication.

Authors must disclose any preprint posting at submission and provide the DOI or URL.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND AI-ASSISTED TECHNOLOGIES

Authors must disclose the use of AI-assisted technologies, including large language models, chatbots or image-generation tools, when these tools have been used in preparing the manuscript or its components.

AI tools must not be listed as authors or co-authors. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity and appropriate attribution of all submitted content.

If AI has been used for writing assistance, the use should be disclosed in the Acknowledgements or other designated section.

If AI has been used for data analysis, data generation, image generation or other substantive research activities, its use should be described in the Methods section as appropriate.

Authors should not use AI-generated material as a substitute for appropriate primary sources or references.

DATA AVAILABILITY

Every research article should include one of the following:

• Data available in a public repository
• Data available upon reasonable request
• Data not publicly available because of privacy/ethical restrictions
• No datasets were generated or analyzed

Submission of Manuscripts

All manuscripts must be submitted on-line through by clicking here. First time users will have to register at this site. Registration is free but mandatory. Registered authors can keep track of their articles after logging into the site using their user-name and password.

Authors do not have to pay for submission, processing or publication of articles. If you experience any problems, please contact the editorial office by e-mail at ejmreditor1@gmail.com.

The submitted manuscripts that are not as per the “Instructions to Authors” would be returned to the authors for technical correction, before they undergo editorial/peer-review. Generally, the manuscript should be submitted in the form of two separate files:

[1] Title Page/First Page File/Covering Letter

This file should provide:

1. The type of manuscript (original article, case report, review article, Letter to editor, case series, Images, etc.), title of the manuscript, running title, names of all authors/contributors (with their highest academic degrees, designation and affiliations) and name(s) of department(s) and/or institution(s) to which the work should be credited. All information which can reveal your identity should be here. Use text/rtf/doc files. Do not zip the files.
2. The total number of pages, total number of photographs and word counts separately for abstract and for the text (excluding the references, tables and abstract), word counts for introduction + discussion in case of an original article.
3. The role of the funder in study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation; manuscript preparation; and the decision to submit the manuscript should be disclosed. If the funder had no such involvement, this should be stated in “Source of Support” section.
4. Acknowledgement, if any. One or more statements should specify:
   1. Contributions that need acknowledging but do not justify authorship, such as general support by a departmental chair;
   2. Acknowledgments of technical help; and
   3. Acknowledgments of financial and material support, which should specify the nature of the support.
   This should be included in the title page of the manuscript and not in the main article file.
5. If the manuscript was presented as part at a meeting, the organization, place, and exact date on which it was read. A full statement to the editor about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as redundant publication of the same or very similar work. Any such work should be referred to specifically, and referenced in the new paper. Copies of such material should be included with the submitted paper, to help the editor decide how to handle the matter.
6. Registration number in case of a clinical trial and where it is registered (name of the registry and its URL).
7. Conflicts of Interest of each author/contributor. A statement of financial or other relationships that might lead to a conflict of interest, if that information is not included in the manuscript itself or in an authors' form.
8. Criteria for inclusion in the authors'/contributors' list.
9. A statement that the manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, that the requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work, if that information is not provided in another form.
10. The name, address, e-mail, and telephone number of the corresponding author, who is responsible for communicating with the other authors about revisions and final approval of the proofs, if that information is not included on the manuscript itself.

[2] Blinded Article File

The main text of the article, beginning from Abstract till References (including tables) should be in this file.

The file must not contain any mention of the authors' names or initials or the institution at which the study was done or acknowledgements. Page headers/running title can include the title but not the authors' names.

Manuscripts not in compliance with the Journal's blinding policy will be returned to the corresponding author.

Use rtf/doc files. Do not zip the files. Limit the file size to 1 MB.

Do not incorporate images in the file. If file size is large, graphs can be submitted as images separately without incorporating them in the article file to reduce the size of the file.

The pages should be numbered consecutively, beginning with the first page of the blinded article file.

Authors should also remove identifying information from document properties, file metadata, acknowledgements, supplementary files and self-citations where necessary.

[3] Images

Submit good quality color images. Each image should be less than 2 MB in size.

Do not incorporate the image in the main manuscript and should be submitted separately.

Size of the image can be reduced by decreasing the actual height and width of the images. Keep up to 1600 x 1200 pixels (300 dpi or more) or 5-6 inches.

Images can be submitted as jpeg files. Do not zip the files.

Legends for the figures/images should be included at the end of the article file.

[4] The Copyright Process

Please follow these guidelines for a smooth submission process:

The corresponding author (on behalf of all authors) must agree and accept the copyright statement before proceeding with the online article submission in the submission portal.

• Manuscript submission will proceed only after the acceptance of the copyright statement on the first page of submission.
• Corresponding author/submitting author must ensure the details of all co-authors, with their affiliation and respective email IDs submitted on “Add contributor” tab.
• After the acceptance for publication, authors will transfer, assign or otherwise convey all copyright ownership, including any and all rights incidental thereto, exclusively to Era’s Journal of Medical Research.

Preparation of Manuscripts

EJMR follows the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), together with applicable reporting guidelines for specific study designs. Authors should consult the current ICMJE Recommendations and the relevant reporting guideline before submission.

Abstract

The Abstract (Up to 300 Words) should be in structured format and follow IMRaD Format.

• Introduction: Shall contain Context (Background), Aims, Settings and Design.
• Methods and Material: Include the methods and statistical analysis used.
• Results: Present the main findings of the study.
• Discussion: Present the interpretation and implications of the findings.

Below the abstract should provide 3 to 5 Keywords included in the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the National Library of Medicine. Check here .

Era’s Journal of Medical Research accepts manuscripts written in American English.

Copies of any permission(s)

It is the responsibility of authors/contributors to obtain permissions for reproducing any copyrighted material. A copy of the permission obtained must accompany the manuscript.

Copies of any and all published articles or other manuscripts in preparation or submitted elsewhere that are related to the manuscript must also accompany the manuscript.

Sex and Gender in Research

We encourage our authors to follow the 'Sex and Gender Equity in Research – SAGER – guidelines' for sex and gender equity in research and to include sex and gender concerns where appropriate.

To avoid conflating the terms sex (biological property) and gender (formed by social and cultural factors), authors should use them carefully.

Number of Authors

There is no arbitrary limit on the number of authors. All listed authors must meet the journal's authorship criteria. For manuscripts with unusually large author groups, the journal may request a contributorship statement explaining each author's role.

Types of Manuscripts

Original Articles

These include randomized controlled trials, intervention studies, studies of screening and diagnostic test, outcome studies, cost effectiveness analyses, case-control series, and surveys with high response rate.

The text of original articles amounting to up to 3000 words (excluding Abstract, references and Tables) should be divided into sections with the headings Abstract, Key-words, Introduction, Material and Methods, Results, Discussion, Reference, Tables and Figure (Maximum 5-6) legends.

Introduction

State the purpose and summarize the rationale for the study or observation. The introduction should give a general overview of the study and explain why it is important.

Materials and Methods

It should include and describe the following aspects:

Ethics

When reporting studies on human beings, indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional or regional) and with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants, as currently revised.

For prospective studies involving human participants, authors are expected to mention approval of the regional, national, institutional or independent Ethics Committee or Review Board, obtaining informed consent from adult research participants and obtaining assent for children aged over 7 years participating in the trial.

The age beyond which assent would be required could vary as per regional and/or national guidelines.

Ensure confidentiality of subjects by desisting from mentioning participants' names, initials or hospital numbers, especially in illustrative material.

When reporting experiments on animals, indicate whether the institution's or a national research council's guide for, or any national law on the care and use of laboratory animals was followed.

Evidence for approval by a local Ethics Committee (for both human as well as animal studies) must be supplied by the authors on demand.

Animal experimental procedures should be as humane as possible and the details of anesthetics and analgesics used should be clearly stated.

The ethical standards of experiments must be in accordance with the guidelines provided by the CPCSEA and World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Humans for studies involving experimental human beings and similar with ARRIVE guidance on experimental animals.

The journal will not consider any ethically unacceptable paper.

A statement on ethics committee permission and ethical practices must be included in all research articles under the 'Materials and Methods' section.

Study Design

Selection and Description of Participants

Describe your selection of the observational or experimental participants (patients or laboratory animals, including controls) clearly, including eligibility and exclusion criteria and a description of the source population.

Technical Information

Identify the methods, apparatus (give the manufacturer's name and address in parentheses), and procedures in sufficient detail to allow other workers to reproduce the results.

Give references to established methods, including statistical methods, and brief descriptions for methods that have been published but are not well known.

Describe new or substantially modified methods, give reasons for using them, and evaluate their limitations.

Identify precisely all drugs and chemicals used, including generic name(s), dose(s), and route(s) of administration.

Reports of randomized clinical trials should present information on all major study elements, including the protocol, assignment of interventions (methods of randomization, concealment of allocation to treatment groups), and the method of masking (blinding), based on the CONSORT Statement. http://www.consort-statement.org

Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs

Study	Guideline	Source
Randomized trials	CONSORT	http://www.consort-statement.org
Observational studies	STROBE	STROBE Checklist
Systematic reviews/meta-analysis	PRISMA	PRISMA Checklist
Diagnostic accuracy	STARD	STARD
Case reports	CARE	CARE Checklist
Clinical practice guidelines	AGREE II / RIGHT	AGREE Reporting Checklist
Animal studies	ARRIVE	ARRIVE Guidelines
Qualitative research	COREQ / SRQR	COREQ / SRQR
Prediction models	TRIPOD	TRIPOD
Study protocols	SPIRIT	SPIRIT
Quality improvement	SQUIRE	SQUIRE

The reporting guidelines for other types of studies can be found at https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/ .

Statistics

Whenever possible quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence intervals).

Authors should report losses to observation (such as dropouts from a clinical trial).

When data are summarized in the Results section, specify the statistical methods used to analyze them.

Avoid non-technical uses of technical terms in statistics, such as 'random' (which implies a randomizing device), 'normal', 'significant', 'correlations', and 'sample'.

Define statistical terms, abbreviations, and most symbols.

Specify the computer software used.

Use upper italics (P 0.048).

For all P values include the exact value and not less than 0.05 or 0.001.

Mean differences in continuous variables, proportions in categorical variables and relative risks including odds ratios and hazard ratios should be accompanied by their confidence intervals.

Results

Present your results in a logical sequence in the text, tables, and illustrations, giving the main or most important findings first. Do not repeat in the text all the data in the tables or illustrations; emphasize or summarize only important observations. Extra- or supplementary materials and technical detail can be placed in an appendix where it will be accessible but will not interrupt the flow of the text; alternatively, it can be published only in the electronic version of the journal.

When data are summarized in the Results section, give numeric results not only as derivatives (for example, percentages) but also as the absolute numbers from which the derivatives were calculated, and specify the statistical methods used to analyze them. Restrict tables and figures to those needed to explain the argument of the paper and to assess its support. Use graphs as an alternative to tables with many entries; do not duplicate data in graphs and tables. Where scientifically appropriate, analyses of the data by variables such as age and sex should be included.

Discussion/Conclusion

Include the following:

• Key findings: Primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and results as they relate to a prior hypothesis.
• Strengths and limitations: Study question, study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
• Interpretation and implications: Discuss the findings in the context of the totality of evidence. Consider whether there is a systematic review to refer to, whether one could reasonably be done, what this study adds to the available evidence, effects on patient care and health policy, and possible mechanisms.
• Controversies: Discuss controversies raised by this study.
• Future research directions: Discuss directions for this particular research collaboration, underlying mechanisms, and clinical research.

Do not repeat in detail data or other material given in the Introduction or the Results section. In particular, contributors should avoid making statements on economic benefits and costs unless their manuscript includes economic data and analyses. Avoid claiming priority and alluding to work that has not been completed. New hypotheses may be stated in Conclusion if needed; however, they should be clearly labeled as such.

References

References should be relevant, accurate, appropriate, and sufficiently current for the subject. Authors should cite original research wherever appropriate and include seminal or landmark publications when relevant. Authors should avoid excessive self-citation and citation of sources solely because they are indexed in a particular database. References should be verified against the original source or a reliable bibliographic database.

About 30 references can be included. 70–80% should be from PubMed and impactful journals and should be within the last 10 years. These articles generally should not have more than six authors.

Review Articles

The journal welcomes the submission of high-quality Review Articles that provide a comprehensive, critical, and balanced overview of significant recent developments within the scope of the journal. Review articles should synthesize existing literature, identify current research gaps, and propose future directions, rather than presenting new empirical data or primary research.

Submissions must critically evaluate the state of the art, offer balanced perspectives on conflicting theories, and be accessible to both specialists and general readers. While there is no strict word limit, manuscripts up to 3000 words (excluding references, tables, and figures) are preferred and should include a substantial, up-to-date bibliography.

Should have a structured abstract which should explain the importance and aim of the review. It is expected that these articles would be written by individuals who have done substantial work on the subject or are considered experts in the field. A short summary of the work done by the contributor(s) in the field of review should accompany the manuscript.

The prescribed word count is up to 3000 words excluding tables, references, and abstract. The manuscript should have an unstructured Abstract (300 words) representing an accurate summary of the article. The section titles would depend upon the topic reviewed. Authors submitting review articles should include a section describing the methods used for locating, selecting, extracting, and synthesizing data. These methods should also be summarized in the abstract.

The journal expects the contributors to give post-publication updates on the subject of review. The update should be brief, covering the advances in the field after the publication of the article and should be sent as a letter to the editor, as and when major development occurs in the field. Conclusion should be as per implications and relevance of the discussion and review literature.

Case Reports

New, interesting, and rare cases can be reported. They should be unique, describing a great diagnostic or therapeutic challenge and providing a learning point for the readers. Cases with clinical significance or implications will be given priority.

These communications could be of up to 1000–1500 words (excluding Abstract and references) and should have the following headings:

1. Abstract (unstructured)
2. Key-words
3. Introduction
4. Case report
5. Discussion
6. Reference
7. Tables
8. Legends

Submit good quality color images. Each image should be less than 2 MB in size. Do not incorporate the image in the main manuscript and should be submitted separately. Size of the image can be reduced by decreasing the actual height and width of the images. Keep up to 1600 × 1200 pixels (300 dpi) or 5–6 inches. Images can be submitted as JPEG files.

The manuscript could be of up to 1000–1500 words (excluding references and abstract) and could be supported with up to 10 references and a maximum of 3–4 pictures.

Clinico-Pathologic Conferences (CPC)

Should be interesting, up to 1000 words (excluding references and abstract), unusual, challenging, and provide new updates. CPC should include clinical work with differential diagnosis. The complete clinical pictures, diagnostic evaluation, management, and follow-up must be mentioned in the submitted manuscript.

Abstract is not compulsory for CPC; instead, the author can mention key points of the submitted CPC (i.e., interesting points of CPC in 100–200 words).

CPC should include:

• Title
• Interesting Points
• Clinical presentation in support of pictures (maximum 5–6)
• Diagnosis
• Management & follow-up
• Discussion

Letter to the Editor & Correspondence

These should be short and decisive observations. They should preferably be related to articles previously published in the Journal or views expressed in the journal. They should not be preliminary observations that need a later paper for validation.

The letter could have up to 500 words, 1 figure, and 5 references.

Others

Editorials, Guest Editorials, Commentaries, and Perspectives are generally commissioned or invited by the Editorial Board. Unsolicited submissions may be considered at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief.

Conclusion

The manuscript ends with a conclusion or with a summary point that briefly covers the key points of the manuscript as per the journal-specific format. It should include new information so that it could deliver educational and teaching messages to clinicians and readers.

References

The reference list at the end of the manuscript must be numbered in the order of appearance and should be cited as follows:

1. Names and initials of up to six authors. When there are seven or more, list the first three and add et al.
2. Year of publication.
3. Full title of paper followed by a full stop (.).
4. Title of journal in the standard MEDLINE/indexing abbreviation (in italics).
5. Volume number followed by a comma (,).
6. First page in full and the last digit of the last pages (last two digits in case where the second digit is different).

References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text (not in alphabetic order). The journal reference style should be followed.

Citation Rules and Policies

COPE Citation Manipulation: COPE Citation Manipulation

• Authors should ensure in their manuscript that material taken from other sources (including their own published writings) is clearly cited, and that appropriate permission has been obtained.
• Authors should not engage in excessive self-citation of their own work.
• Authors should not copy references from other publications if they have not read the cited work.
• Authors should not preferentially cite their own or their friends', peers', or institution's publications.
• Authors should not cite advertisements or advertorial material.

Articles in Journals

1. Standard journal article (for up to six authors):

   Parija S C, Ravinder PT, Shariff M. Detection of hydatid antigen in the fluid samples from hydatid cysts by co-agglutination. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996; 90:255–256.

2. Standard journal article (for more than six authors):

   List the first three followed by et al.

   Roddy P, Goiri J, Flevaud L, Palma PP, Morote S, Lima N. et al., Field Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection by Use of Whole Blood. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008; 46:2022–2027.

3. Volume with supplement:

   Otranto D, Capelli G, Genchi C. Changing distribution patterns of canine vector borne diseases in Italy: leishmaniosis vs. dirofilariosis. Parasites & Vectors 2009; Suppl 1:S2.

Books and Other Monographs

1. Personal author(s):

   Parija SC. Textbook of Medical Parasitology. 3rd ed. All India Publishers and Distributors. 2008.

2. Editor(s), compiler(s) as author:

   Garcia LS, Filarial Nematodes. In: Garcia LS (editor). Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2007: pp 319–356.

3. Chapter in a book:

   Nesheim M C. Ascariasis and human nutrition. In Ascariasis and its prevention and control, D. W. T. Crompton, M. C. Nesbemi, and Z. S. Pawlowski (eds.). Taylor and Francis, London, U.K. 1989, pp. 87–100.

Electronic Sources as Reference

Journal article on the Internet:

Parija SC, Khairnar K. Detection of excretory Entamoeba histolytica DNA in the urine, and detection of E. histolytica DNA and lectin antigen in the liver abscess pus for the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess. BMC Microbiology 2007; 7:41. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-41. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/41

Tables

• Tables should be self-explanatory and should not duplicate textual material. They should not contain tonal or shaded areas and should be of 900 to 1200 dpi.
• Tables with more than 10 columns and 25 rows are not acceptable.
• Number tables, in Arabic numerals, consecutively in the order of their first citation in the text and supply a brief title for each.
• Place explanatory matter in footnotes, not in the heading.
• Explain in footnotes all non-standard abbreviations that are used in each table.
• Obtain permission for all fully borrowed, adapted, and modified tables and provide a credit line in the footnote.
• For footnotes use the following symbols, in this sequence: *, †, ‡, §, ||, ¶, **, ††, ‡‡.
• Tables with their legends should be provided at the end of the text after the references. The tables along with their number should be cited at the relevant place in the text.

Illustrations (Figures)

• Upload the images in JPEG/PNG format. The file size should be within 1024 KB while uploading. Should be of 300 dpi or more.
• Figures should be numbered consecutively according to the order in which they have been first cited in the text.
• Halftone images, i.e. continuous-tone photographs that contain no text, should be of 300 dpi or more.
• Combo images, i.e. images containing halftone and text or line-art elements, should be of 600 to 1200 dpi in TIFF/EPS/PDF/SVG formats.
• Labels, numbers, and symbols should be clear and of uniform size. The lettering for figures should be large enough to be legible after reduction to fit the width of a printed column.
• Symbols, arrows, or letters used in photomicrographs should contrast with the background and should be marked neatly with transfer type or by tissue overlay and not by pen.
• Titles and detailed explanations belong in the legends for illustrations, not on the illustrations themselves.
• When graphs, scatter-grams, or histograms are submitted, the numerical data on which they are based should also be supplied.
• The photographs and figures should be trimmed to remove all the unwanted areas.
• If photographs of individuals are used, their pictures must be accompanied by written permission to use the photograph.
• If a figure has been published elsewhere, acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the material. A credit line should appear in the legend for such figures.
• Legends for illustrations: Type or print out legends (maximum 40 words, excluding the credit line) for illustrations using double spacing, with Arabic numerals corresponding to the illustrations. When symbols, arrows, numbers, or letters are used to identify parts of the illustrations, identify and explain each one in the legend. Explain the internal scale (magnification) and identify the method of staining in photomicrographs.

Final Figures for Print Production

Send figures according to the following specifications:

• JPEG/PNG for photographs.
• TIFF/EPS/PDF/SVG for line art where appropriate.
• Minimum 300 dpi for photographs.
• 600–1200 dpi for line art where appropriate.
• Figure dimensions appropriate for journal layout.
• Separate files where required.

The Journal reserves the right to crop, rotate, reduce, or enlarge the photographs to an acceptable size.

Protection of Patients' Rights to Privacy

Identifying information should not be published in written descriptions, photographs, sonograms, CT scans, etc., and pedigrees unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian, wherever applicable) gives informed consent for publication. Authors should remove patients' names from figures unless they have obtained informed consent from the patients. The journal abides by ICMJE guidelines.

1. Authors, not the journals nor the publisher, need to obtain the patient consent form before the publication and have the form properly archived. The consent forms are not to be uploaded with the cover letter or sent through email to editorial or publisher offices.
2. If the manuscript contains patient images that preclude anonymity, or a description that has obvious indication to the identity of the patient, a statement about obtaining informed patient consent should be indicated in the manuscript.
3. Written informed consent for publication must be obtained from the patient or legally authorized representative before publication of identifiable case information or images, particularly in case studies.

Declaration of Authorship

All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed. Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. One or more authors should take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article.

The name and order of the authors cannot be changed once the article is provisionally accepted. Authors must provide their current institutional affiliation and email address at submission. Changes in affiliation after submission should be reported to the editorial office.

Authors must:

1. Make substantial contributions to conception/design, acquisition, analysis, or interpretation;
2. Draft the work or critically revise it;
3. Give final approval of the version to be published; and
4. Agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work and ensure that questions related to accuracy or integrity are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Please read ICMJE guidelines in detail at http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html

The order of authorship on the byline should be a joint decision of the co-authors. Authors should be prepared to explain the order in which authors are listed. Once submitted, the order cannot be changed without written consent of all the authors. Unless all authors have read, reviewed, and approved the manuscript, it would NOT be processed.

Sending a Revised Manuscript

The revised version of the manuscript should be submitted online in a manner similar to that used for submission of the manuscript for the first time. However, there is no need to submit the "First Page" or "Covering Letter" file while submitting a revised version.

When submitting a revised manuscript, contributors are requested to include the referees' remarks along with point-to-point clarification at the beginning in the revised file itself. In addition, they are expected to mark the changes as underlined or colored text in the article.

Reprints and Proofs

Journal provides no free printed reprints. Authors can purchase reprints, payment for which should be done at the time of submitting the proofs.

Publication Schedule

The journal publishes articles on its website immediately on acceptance and follows a "continuous publication" schedule. Articles are compiled for "print on demand" semiannual issues.

Manuscript Submission, Processing and Publication Charges (Open Access Fees)

Authors do not have to pay for submission, processing, or publication of articles.

Copyrights

The entire contents of Era’s Journal of Medical Research are protected under Indian and international copyrights. The Journal, however, grants to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, perform, and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works in any digital medium for any reasonable non-commercial purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship and ownership of the rights.

The journal also grants the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal non-commercial use under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License.

Checklist

Covering Letter

• Signed by all contributors.
• Previous publication/presentations mentioned.
• Source of funding mentioned.
• Conflicts of interest disclosed.

Authors

• Last name and given name provided along with middle name initials (where applicable).
• Author for correspondence, with e-mail address provided.
• Number of contributors restricted as per the instructions.
• Identity not revealed in paper except title page (e.g. name of the institute in Methods, citing previous study as "our study", names on figure labels, name of institute in photographs, etc.).

Presentation and Format

• Double spacing.
• Margins 1.0 cm from all four sides.
• Page numbers included at bottom.
• Title page contains all the desired information.
• Running title provided (not more than 50 characters).
• Abstract page contains the full title of the manuscript.
• Abstract provided (structured abstract of 300 words for original articles, unstructured abstracts of about 150 words for all other manuscripts excluding letters to the Editor).
• Key words provided (three or more).
• Introduction of 75–100 words.
• Headings in title case (not ALL CAPITALS).
• The references cited in the text should be after punctuation marks, in superscript with square brackets.
• References according to the journal's instructions, punctuation marks checked.
• Send the article file without "Track Changes".

Language and Grammar

• Uniformly American English.
• Write the full term for each abbreviation at its first use in the title, abstract, keywords, and text separately unless it is a standard unit of measure. Numerals from 1 to 10 should be spelt out.
• Numerals at the beginning of the sentence should be spelt out.
• Check the manuscript for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors.
• If a brand name is cited, supply the manufacturer's name and address (city and state/country).
• Species names should be in italics.

Tables and Figures

• No repetition of data in tables, graphs, and text.
• Actual numbers from which graphs are drawn should be provided.
• Figures necessary and of good quality (colour).
• Table and figure numbers in Arabic numerals (not Roman).
• Labels pasted on the back of the photographs (no names written).
• Figure legends provided (not more than 40 words).
• Patients' privacy maintained (if permission is not taken).
• Credit note for borrowed figures/tables provided.
• Write the full term for each abbreviation used in the table as a footnote.

Note: EJMR does not accept manuscripts generated, fabricated, or supplied by paper mills or other organizations that manipulate authorship, data, peer review, or publication processes.

Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern

EJMR follows recognized publication-ethics principles and may issue the following, depending on the nature and seriousness of the problem:

• Correction
• Erratum/Corrigendum
• Retraction
• Expression of Concern

Appeals and Editorial Decisions

Authors may appeal an editorial decision when they believe that a significant factual, procedural, or methodological error affected the decision. Appeals should provide a clear explanation and evidence supporting the request.

Appeals are considered by the Editor-in-Chief or an independent editor not involved in the original decision. Submission of an appeal does not guarantee reconsideration or acceptance.

Email: ejmreditor1@gmail.com